Vegetation 1

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Vegetation types Mangroves occur, usually in only a narrow band, in tidally flooded areas all along the southeast Brazilian coast. The most extensive areas of mangroves are around Santos, SP. Restinga is a low forest growing on sand dunes Pic. 2 most often found on barrier islands and on other areas immediately adjacent to the shore. The most extensive areas of restinga are south of Angra dos Reis and in the Iguape-Ilha Comprida area. Restinga is characterized by some unique species such as /Phylloscartes kronei and /Formicivora littoralis, Formicivora erythronotos Song 1 and /Tangara peruviana . Tropical lowland and sub-montane forests. Most of the area dealt with in this guide was originally covered with one type or another of tropical forest. Pic. 3 shows the original extent of all types of such forests in the whole of eastern Brazil. In the more restricted area covered by this guide these forests can be sub-divided into a number of different types which are dealt with in more detail in the next section Vegetation 2 . The largest number of endemic species occurs in these forests. Montane forests. Two types of montane forests occur within the area | <f17 A.<f0 In the north, at elevations above 1500 meters in the Serra da Mantiqueira, the Serra Bocaina the northern section of the Serra do Mar , and also immediately to the east in the Serra dos Org<C4>os are sub-tropical broadleaf evergreen forests of the Podocarpus type dominated by <f18Podocarpus lamberti<f0. These are areas of heavy annual rainfall with a relatively cool climate where the trees are filled with epiphyes and mosses. Pic. 4 . Species characteristic of this area include /Tijuca atra, Carpornis cucullatus, Phylloscartes difficilis, Neopelma chrysolophum Song 2 , and /Dysithamnus xanthopterus . The higher slopes of these mountains are covered with dense scrub interspersed with single trees. Species characteristic of this area are /Stephanoxis lalandi, Phyllomyias fasciatus, Drymophila genei, Knipolegus nigerrimus, Muscipipra vetula, Stephanophorus diadematus and /Oreophylax moreirae Song 4 . <f17 B.<f0 Further south and west sub-tropical coniferous forests of the Araucaria type occur Pic. 5 , dominated by <f18Araucaria angustifolia<f0. In the higher parts of the south west of Iguape - Ilha do Cardoso are large areas covered by these forests but they are also found as far north as the Campos do Jord<C4>o area. Species characteristic of this area are /Amazona vinacea, Phibalura flavirostris, Leptasthenura setaria, Phyllomyias virescens , and /Piprites pileatus . Cerrado and Cerrad<C4>o These terms apply respectivly to bush and tree savanna i.e. grassland interspersed with either bushes or trees . This biome is now almost completely turned over into agricultural land. It occurs or occured inland, immediately to the north and west of the rainforest belt in areas where rainfall is generally less than 1000mm<10>year. Typical species are /Cariama cristata, Colaptes campestris, Serpophaga subcristata and /Phyllomyias fasciatus . Campos is the Brazilian term for grassland. This is of two sorts | <f17A.<f0 Areas of high grass campos or long grass prairie occur in the northwest of the area, e.g. around Itirapina Pic. 6 . Typical species of this area include /Micropygia schomburgkii, Melanopareia torquata, Polystictus pectoralis Song 3 ,/Emberizoides herbicola and /Coryphaspiza melanotis . <f17 B.<f0 High montane campos occurs above the tree and scrub line in the Serra dos Org<C4>os, Serra da Mantiqueira and near Campos do Jord<C4>o, e.g. on the Pico de Itapeva or near S<C4>o Jose dos Alpes . This is humid grassland interspersed with scrubby areas and rocky slopes and, although not temperate, resembles the paramos of the Andes Pic. 7 . Typical species of these highest altitudes include /Oreophylax moreirae Song 4 , /Poospiza thoracica, Embernagra platensis, Colibri serrirostris and /Anthus hellmayri . 441006 /Formicivora erythronotos . Song. Pereque, near Angra dos Reis, 10<10>16<10>99. Sunny, 30<91>C. Open scrub. With /Zonotrichia capensis, Trogon viridis, Cacicus haemorrhous, Capsiempis flaveolus, Pyriglena leucoptera .: 441007 /Tijuca atra . 10<10>20<10>99, Serra Mantiqueira, Agulhas Negras road. Clear, 20<91>C. High altitude forest, 2000 meters.: 441008 /Polystictus pectoralis . Itirapina, 11<10>12<10>95. Sunny, 30<91>C. Open cerrado with low scrub.: 441009 /Oreophylax moreirae . Serra Mantiqueira, 11<10>18<10>98. Sunny, 20<91>C. High altitude scrub. With /Turdus rufiventris, Thamnophilus ruficapillus, Phylloscartes difficilis .: c05da526 Area Map: A35 Restinga, Ribeira Valley, near Iguape. Biotope of /Phylloscartes kronei .: forest . The extent of current and historical rainforest in eastern Brazil ^25 .: A15 Serra da Mantiqueira from the Agulhas Negras road: A65 Araucaria grove. Biome of /Amazona vinacea .: A43 Campos near Itirapina.: A53 Upper Agulhas Negras road. High montane campos.:

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441006 (audio)

441007 (audio)

441008 (audio)

441009 (audio)

c05da526 (map)

A35 (picture)

forest (picture)

A15 (picture)

A65 (picture)

A43 (picture)

A53 (picture)

References cited on this page

• Recovered citation ^25 — Brooks, T.

Where this information came from

Original source

Discussn.dat fixed-record index + Sebrazil.dfd NUL-delimited occurrence stream