White-rumped Tanager

16.5 cm. Black above: rump white: white band across wing: base of primaries white creating a white patch: throat buff rufous: rest of underside paler: belly white, flanks buff. Call "tchak", songs usually performed simultaneously by two or three participants are loud, melodious duets starting with a rattling staccato of the first partner which slows down after 1 second and is then overlaid by repeated "tu-wee-tu" strophes of the second partner. Vocalization 1 and picture 2 . The songs sometimes accelerate or decelerate for 0.5 s. These duets are of various durations as can be heard in vocalization 1. A dawnsong consists of a 10-15 fold repetition of three or two notes ^119 . Forages in groups in low trees and on the ground, often in mixed parties. Cup nests in trees. September-November ^159 : uses helpers to rear young. Not uncommon inland in caatinga and scrubby fields with single trees. Throughout the inland areas,e.g. <8E>Itirapina, Conde do Pinhal, and approaches the coast in Estado S<C4>o Paulo at<8E>Santana<8E>and<8E>Itapetininga ^119 . Older records in Estado Sao Paulo are from<8E>Itarar<CA>, Itu, Sorocaba, Paraciacaba 60 km NW of Campinas ^40 . A pair of tanagers observed between Rio de Janeiro and S<C4>o Paulo on June 11, 1952 must have been this species ^53 . To 1100 meters ^133 . 9704 Songs, November 15, 1994, Itirapina, S<C4>o Paulo, campo sujo. 28<91>C, some clouds.: 480 >: 5964 . phonogram of part of duet song: